Diabetes DPG Public Library

A network meta-analysis comparing multiple dietary supplements for GDM birth outcomes included 11 randomized controlled trials and 1,431 pregnant women with GDM. Data sources utilized for the study included PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science searched until August 30, 2024, and was updated on January 10, 2026. The researchers used Cochrane’s risk of bias tool to assess study quality and Stata17 to perform the analyses.

The results indicated that probiotics significantly reduced the incidence of macrosomia compared to placebos (RR = 5.98, 95% credible interval [CrI][1.11, 43.42]). The probability test Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve (SUCRA) indicated that probiotic plus vitamin D was best for lowering preeclampsia risk (SUCRA = 78.64%). In newborns, omega 3 was consistent with reducing preterm birth (SUCRA = 72.08%), high-dose vitamin D was best for increasing birth length (SUCRA = 87.15%), probiotic plus vitamin D for increasing head circumference (SUCRA = 84.08%) and reduce macrosomia (SUCRA = 78.92%), and L-ascorbic acid for lowering neonatal hypoglycemia (SUCRA = 98.99%).

The authors concluded that no single supplement had a significant effect on both mother and newborn outcomes. It was noted that interventions where Vitamin D combined with probiotics resulted in best outcomes; however, further confirmation requires larger-sample multicenter RCTs.